{"id":250,"date":"2017-08-21T04:50:25","date_gmt":"2017-08-21T04:50:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/chemistry\/?page_id=250"},"modified":"2017-09-19T16:56:34","modified_gmt":"2017-09-19T16:56:34","slug":"review-3","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/chemistry\/review-3\/","title":{"rendered":"Review"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"twelve columns\" style=\"margin-top: 10%;\">\n<div class=\"advance\">\n<p><a class=\"button button-primary\" href=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/chemistry\/percent-composition-and-formulas\">\u2b05Previous Lesson<\/a>\u00a0<a class=\"button\" href=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/chemistry\/chemical-naming-and-structure\">Workshop Index<\/a>\u00a0<a class=\"button button-primary\" href=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/chemistry\/reactions-and-reactivity\">Next Workshop \u27a1<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- UPDATE NEXT\/PREVIOUS ABOVE --><\/p>\n<p><!-- CONTENT STARTS HERE --><\/p>\n<h1 id=\"title\">Chemical Naming and Structure: Review<\/h1>\n<h3>Review<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Ionic bonding occurs between a metal atom and a nonmetal atom, due to their large difference in electronegativity.<\/li>\n<li>Covalent bonding occurs between two identical nonmetal atoms, due to their identical electronegativities.<\/li>\n<li>Ionic compounds are held together by strong ionic bonds, while molecular compounds are held together by much weaker intermolecular attractions\u2014either van der Waals attractions or hydrogen bonds.\n<ul>\n<li>Substances with weaker attractions vaporize more easily, giving rise to higher vapor pressure.<\/li>\n<li>Substances with weaker attractions can be moved out of position more easily, leading to a lower melting point.<\/li>\n<li>Substances with weaker attractions can be separated from each other more easily, therefore having lower boiling points.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Polar covalent bonding occurs between two different nonmetal atoms, due to their moderately different electronegativities.<\/li>\n<li>Nonmetals bond with each other covalently to form discrete particles called molecules.<\/li>\n<li>Metal atoms bond with each other through a \u201csea of electrons\u201d\u2014electrons that freely float between metal atoms that are patterned in a three-dimensional network.<\/li>\n<li>The arrangement of electrons and atoms in a molecule can be shown with a Lewis structure.<\/li>\n<li>Most Lewis structures may be drawn by counting available valence electrons and distributing them around the molecule according to the Octet Rule.<\/li>\n<li>Resonance structures are necessary when more than one valid Lewis structure may be drawn for the same molecule.<\/li>\n<li>Nonmetals from the third period or beyond may have more than eight electrons in a valid Lewis structure.<\/li>\n<li>Because pairs of valence electrons are negatively charged, they will repel each other and move as far apart as possible. This allows us to predict the shape of a molecule from its Lewis structure.<\/li>\n<li>In VSEPR, single, double and triple bonds all behave as only one region of electron density.<\/li>\n<li>Molecules with central atoms that obey the Octet Rule may have shapes that are linear, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, trigonal pyramidal, or bent.<\/li>\n<li>Molecules with central atoms that have more than eight valence electrons may have shapes that are trigonal bipyramidal, see-saw, T-shaped, linear, octahedral, square pyramidal, or square planar.<\/li>\n<li>If a molecule has more than one central atom, we only consider one central atom at a time.<\/li>\n<li>Different types of hybrid orbitals correspond to the number of regions of electron density and the shapes predicted by VSEPR.\n<ul>\n<li>Two regions = sp hybridization = linear<\/li>\n<li>Three regions = sp<sup>2<\/sup> hybridization = trigonal planar<\/li>\n<li>Four regions = sp<sup>3<\/sup> hybridization = tetrahedral<\/li>\n<li>Five regions = dsp<sup>3<\/sup> hybridization = trigonal bipyramidal<\/li>\n<li>Six regions = d<sup>2<\/sup>sp<sup>3<\/sup> hybridization = octahedral<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Molecular compounds are named with prefixes, such as \u201cmono-,\u201d \u201cdi-\u201c, etc.<\/li>\n<li>Ionic compounds are named by naming the positive ion followed by the name of the negative ion.<\/li>\n<li>Monatomic negative ions end with \u201c-ide,\u201d while polyatomic negative ions usually end with \u201c-ite\u201d or \u201c-ate.\u201d<\/li>\n<li>An ionic formula is the lowest whole number ratio of ions whose charges add up to zero.<\/li>\n<li>If there is more than one polyatomic ion in a formula, its formula must be in parentheses with the subscript outside.<\/li>\n<li>Acids are formed from the combination of hydrogen ion(s) and an anion.<\/li>\n<li>The name of the acid is dependent upon the name of the anion.<\/li>\n<li>Acid names are generated from the anion name as follows:\n<ul>\n<li>For ions that end with \u201c-ide,\u201d place \u201chydro\u201d in front of the anion name and replace \u201c-ide\u201d with \u201c-ic acid.\u201d<\/li>\n<li>For ions that end with \u201c-ite,\u201d replace \u201c-ite\u201d with \u201c-ous acid.\u201d<\/li>\n<li>For ions that end with \u201c-ate,\u201d replace \u201c-ate\u201d with \u201c-ic acid.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Oxidation numbers may be used in situations where true charges may not apply.<\/li>\n<li>Oxidation numbers may be assigned using the following rules:\n<ul>\n<li>Elements are zero.<\/li>\n<li>Hydrogen and oxygen in compounds are +1 and \u22122, respectively.<\/li>\n<li>Monatomic ions are equal to their charges.<\/li>\n<li>Others are assigned so that the sum equals the charge on the species.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Metal oxides react with water to form metal hydroxides, which are basic.<\/li>\n<li>Nonmetal oxides react with water to form oxyacids.<\/li>\n<li>When nonmetal oxides react with water, the oxidation number of the nonmetal does not change.<\/li>\n<li>Percent composition is calculated by dividing the mass of each element by the total mass of the compound, and then multiplying by 100%.<\/li>\n<li>The empirical formula is found by converting mass data into moles and reducing the ratio to the lowest whole number.<\/li>\n<li>The molecular formula is found by dividing the molar mass by the mass of the empirical formula to get a whole number, and then multiplying the empirical formula by this whole number.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table class=\"gas_law_table\" border=\"2\" width=\"100%\" cellpadding=\"7\" align=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div align=\"center\"><span class=\"teachertip\"><strong>Don&#8217;t forget to take the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.abcte.org\/drupal\/courses\/crc\/quizzes\/cns\" target=\"popsome\">Chemical Naming and Structure Chapter Quiz.<\/a><br \/>\nTo take the quiz, click on the Quizzes link on the left-hand navigation bar.<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- CONTENT ENDS HERE --><\/p>\n<p><!-- UPDATE NEXT\/PREVIOUS BELOW --><\/p>\n<div class=\"advance\">\n<p><a class=\"button button-primary\" href=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/chemistry\/percent-composition-and-formulas\">\u2b05Previous Lesson<\/a>\u00a0<a class=\"button\" href=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/chemistry\/chemical-naming-and-structure\">Workshop Index<\/a>\u00a0<a class=\"button button-primary\" href=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/chemistry\/reactions-and-reactivity\">Next Workshop \u27a1<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><a class=\"backtotop\" href=\"#title\">Back to Top<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u2b05Previous Lesson\u00a0Workshop Index\u00a0Next Workshop \u27a1 Chemical Naming and Structure: Review Review Ionic bonding occurs between a metal atom and a nonmetal atom, due to their large difference in electronegativity. Covalent bonding occurs between two identical nonmetal atoms, due to their identical electronegativities. Ionic compounds are held together by strong ionic bonds, while molecular compounds are [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-250","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/chemistry\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/250","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/chemistry\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/chemistry\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/chemistry\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/chemistry\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=250"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/chemistry\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/250\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":879,"href":"https:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/chemistry\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/250\/revisions\/879"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/chemistry\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=250"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}