{"id":524,"date":"2017-08-21T10:02:03","date_gmt":"2017-08-21T10:02:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/chemistry\/?page_id=524"},"modified":"2017-09-20T19:25:55","modified_gmt":"2017-09-20T19:25:55","slug":"review-5","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/chemistry\/review-5\/","title":{"rendered":"Review"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"twelve columns\" style=\"margin-top: 10%;\">\n<div class=\"advance\">\n<p><a class=\"button button-primary\" href=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/chemistry\/relationships-between-acids-bases-and-salts\">\u2b05 Previous Lesson<\/a>\u00a0<a class=\"button\" href=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/chemistry\/gas-laws-and-solutions\">Workshop Index<\/a>\u00a0<a class=\"button button-primary\" href=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/chemistry\/organic-chemistry\">Next Workshop \u27a1<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- UPDATE NEXT\/PREVIOUS ABOVE --><\/p>\n<p><!-- CONTENT STARTS HERE --><\/p>\n<h1 id=\"title\">Gas Laws and Solutions: Review<\/h1>\n<h3>Review<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>The KMT states:\n<ul>\n<li>A gas consists of objects with a defined mass and zero volume.<\/li>\n<li>The gas particles travel randomly in straight-line motion where their movement can be\u00a0described by the fundamental laws of mechanics.<\/li>\n<li>All collisions involving gas particles are elastic. No energy is lost and no heat is\u00a0produced.<\/li>\n<li>The gas particles do not interact with each other or with the walls of their\u00a0container.<\/li>\n<li>Temperature is directly proportional to the kinetic energy of the gas phase system.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>The ideal gas model states:\n<ul>\n<li>Ideal gas particles are so small that the volume of the individual particles if they\u00a0were at rest would be essentially zero when compared with the total volume of the gas.<\/li>\n<li>Ideal gas particles are in constant, rapid, random motion, moving in straight lines in\u00a0all directions until they collide with other particles or the sides of their container.<\/li>\n<li>There are no attractive or repulsive forces between particles, and collisions between\u00a0them are elastic.<\/li>\n<li>The average kinetic energy of the particles is directly proportional to the absolute\u00a0temperature (measured in Kelvin).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Real gases are defined as gases that do not fit the kinetic molecular theory.<\/li>\n<li>The four variables used to describe gases are temperature, pressure, moles, and volume. The gas\u00a0laws of Graham, Dalton, Charles and Boyle, the combined gas law, and the ideal gas laws are\u00a0based on the relationships between gas variables.<\/li>\n<li>Standard temperature and pressure (STP) describes the accepted values for all gas law\u00a0calculations.<\/li>\n<li>In order for a solution to form, solute and solvent particles must interact.<\/li>\n<li>Specific quantitative terms used to describe solution concentration include ppm, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"non_block_image\" src=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/Images\/chemistry\/img\/gaslaw\/s2_002.gif\" width=\"76\" height=\"44\" align=\"absmiddle\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"non_block_image\" src=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/Images\/chemistry\/img\/gaslaw\/s2_001.gif\" width=\"77\" height=\"41\" align=\"absmiddle\" \/>,\u00a0molarity and molality.<\/li>\n<li>Molar concentrations of solutions made through a dilution process can also be calculated using\u00a0<em>M<\/em><sub>1<\/sub><em>V<\/em><sub>1<\/sub>=<em>M<\/em><sub>2<\/sub><em>V<\/em><sub>2<\/sub>.<\/li>\n<li>Different types of interparticle interactions occur in solution including ion-ion, ion-dipole,\u00a0dipole-dipole, hydrogen bonds, and London dispersion forces.<\/li>\n<li>Diffusion and osmosis are processes in which particles move through various media.<\/li>\n<li>Concentrations, amounts of solutions, and K<sub>sp<\/sub> values can be used to predict if\u00a0precipitates will form when solutions are mixed.<\/li>\n<li>The theoretical freezing and boiling points of a solution can be calculated if you have the\u00a0molality of the solution and the freezing\/boiling point constant for the solvent.<\/li>\n<li>Raoult\u2019s Law can be used to calculate the vapor pressure over a solution containing a\u00a0nonvolatile solute over a solution containing two volatile liquids.<\/li>\n<li>Henry\u2019s Law can be used to predict the concentration of gases in a mixture.<\/li>\n<li>The Arrhenius Concept defines acids as substances that produce H<sup>+<\/sup> (hydrogen ions) in\u00a0solution and bases as substances that produce OH<sup>\u2013<\/sup> (hydroxide ions) in solution<\/li>\n<li>The Br\u00f8nsted-Lowry Model defines acids as H<sup>+<\/sup> (hydrogen ions) <em>donors<\/em> and bases as\u00a0H<sup>+<\/sup> (hydrogen ions) <em>acceptors<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>In Lewis\u2019 Theory, acids are electron pair <em>acceptors<\/em> in solution and bases are electron\u00a0pair <em>donors<\/em> in solution.<\/li>\n<li>pH can be found using either <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/Images\/chemistry\/img\/gaslaw\/s5_001.gif\" width=\"268\" height=\"25\" align=\"absmiddle\" \/><\/li>\n<li>Water can act as an acid or a base. If you are given either the [H<sub>3<\/sub>O<sup>1+<\/sup> ]\u00a0or [OH<sup>1\u2013 <\/sup>], you can solve for the other.<\/li>\n<li>A weak acid or base is one where only a small portion of the particles dissociate or one that\u00a0only partially ionizes. A strong acid or base is one that completely dissociates in water, or\u00a0has 100% ionization.<\/li>\n<li>When calculating the pH of a weak acid, only part of it dissociates so it becomes an equilibrium\u00a0problem. To find the pH, write the equilibrium expression, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/Images\/chemistry\/img\/gaslaw\/s6_003.gif\" width=\"140\" height=\"46\" align=\"absmiddle\" \/>, look\u00a0at the conditions during the reaction, substitute into the equilibrium expression\u00a0and solve. Use the equation for pH (pH = -log[H<sub>3<\/sub>O<sup>1+<\/sup>]) and find the pH.<\/li>\n<li>A titration is the experimental procedure used to determine the concentration of an unknown acid\u00a0or base. A titration curve is a way to visually represent the change in pH during a titration.<\/li>\n<li>Buffers are solutions which resist changes in pH when hydrogen or hydroxide ions are added.<\/li>\n<li>The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation can be used to solve for the pH of a buffer system.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"non_block_image\" src=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/Images\/chemistry\/img\/gaslaw\/s6_013.gif\" width=\"164\" height=\"46\" align=\"absmiddle\" \/>, or\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"non_block_image\" src=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/Images\/chemistry\/img\/gaslaw\/s6_014.gif\" width=\"180\" height=\"46\" align=\"absmiddle\" \/><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table class=\"gas_law_table\" width=\"100%\" cellpadding=\"7\" align=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div align=\"center\"><span class=\"teachertip\"><strong>Don&#8217;t forget to take the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.abcte.org\/drupal\/courses\/crc\/quizzes\/glr\" target=\"popsome\">Gas Laws and\u00a0Solutions Chapter Quiz<\/a>.<br \/>\nTo take the quiz, click on the Quizzes link on the left-hand navigation\u00a0bar.<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- CONTENT ENDS HERE --><\/p>\n<p><!-- UPDATE NEXT\/PREVIOUS BELOW --><\/p>\n<div class=\"advance\"><a class=\"button button-primary\" href=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/chemistry\/relationships-between-acids-bases-and-salts\">\u2b05 Previous Lesson<\/a>\u00a0<a class=\"button\" href=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/chemistry\/gas-laws-and-solutions\">Workshop Index<\/a>\u00a0<a class=\"button button-primary\" href=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/chemistry\/organic-chemistry\">Next Workshop \u27a1<\/a><\/div>\n<p><a class=\"backtotop\" href=\"#title\">Back to Top<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u2b05 Previous Lesson\u00a0Workshop Index\u00a0Next Workshop \u27a1 Gas Laws and Solutions: Review Review The KMT states: A gas consists of objects with a defined mass and zero volume. The gas particles travel randomly in straight-line motion where their movement can be\u00a0described by the fundamental laws of mechanics. All collisions involving gas particles are elastic. No energy [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-524","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/chemistry\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/524","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/chemistry\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/chemistry\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/chemistry\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/chemistry\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=524"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/chemistry\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/524\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":947,"href":"https:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/chemistry\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/524\/revisions\/947"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/chemistry\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=524"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}