{"id":561,"date":"2017-08-21T10:26:37","date_gmt":"2017-08-21T10:26:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/chemistry\/?page_id=561"},"modified":"2020-02-03T17:31:34","modified_gmt":"2020-02-03T17:31:34","slug":"naming-organic-molecules-containing-oxygen","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/chemistry\/naming-organic-molecules-containing-oxygen\/","title":{"rendered":"Naming Organic Molecules Containing Oxygen"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"twelve columns\" style=\"margin-top: 10%;\">\n<div class=\"advance\">\n<p><a class=\"button button-primary\" href=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/chemistry\/naming-organic-molecules\">\u2b05 Previous Lesson<\/a>\u00a0<a class=\"button\" href=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/chemistry\/organic-chemistry\">Workshop Index<\/a>\u00a0<a class=\"button button-primary\" href=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/chemistry\/halogenated-hydrocarbons-and-hydrocarbon-reactions\">Next Lesson \u27a1<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- UPDATE NEXT\/PREVIOUS ABOVE --><\/p>\n<p><!-- CONTENT STARTS HERE --><\/p>\n<h1 id=\"title\">Naming Organic Molecules Containing Oxygen<\/h1>\n<h4>Lesson Objective<\/h4>\n<p>In this lesson, we will study how to name the six groups of oxygen-containing organic molecules.<\/p>\n<h4>Previously we covered&#8230;<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Naming alkenes<\/li>\n<li>Naming alkynes<\/li>\n<li>Naming cycloalkanes<\/li>\n<li>Naming cycloalkenes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<section>\n<h3>Naming Organic Molecules Containing Oxygen<\/h3>\n<p>We will review six groups of organic molecules that contain oxygen:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Alcohols<\/li>\n<li>Ethers<\/li>\n<li>Aldehydes<\/li>\n<li>Ketones<\/li>\n<li>Carboxylic Acids<\/li>\n<li>Esters<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In addition to the six listed, the following are also considered oxygen containing organic compounds: epoxys\u00a0(cyclic ethers), peroxides, peroxyacids, and acid anhydrides.<\/p>\n<h3>Alcohols<\/h3>\n<p><abbr title=\"Organic molecules containing a hydroxyl group -OH attached to a carbon chain \">Alcohols<\/abbr> contain a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a carbon\u00a0chain.<\/p>\n<p>To name an alcohol, the final \u201c-e\u201d of the carbon chain name is dropped and replaced with \u201c-ol.\u201d If the OH\u00a0groups can be placed on different numbered carbons, the location of the -OH group must be included.<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\">CH<sub>3<\/sub>OH<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">methanol (known as wood alcohol)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\">CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>OH<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">ethanol (the type of alcohol people drink)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"figcaption\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">Both of the molecules above do not need a location number for the OH<br \/>\ngroup as it will be attached to the number one carbon. In ethanol either carbon would be the number<br \/>\none carbon in order to use the lowest number.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"54%\">CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>OH<\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\" width=\"46%\">1-propanol<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\">CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>OH<\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\">1-butanol<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/Images\/chemistry\/img\/OrganicChemistry\/OrganicContainingOxygen2.2-butanol.gif\" alt=\"2-butanol \" width=\"259\" height=\"127\" \/><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\">2-butanol<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/Images\/chemistry\/img\/OrganicChemistry\/OrganicContainingOxygen2.2-methyl-3-pentanol.gif\" alt=\"2-methyl-3-pentanol \" width=\"266\" height=\"113\" \/><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\">2-methyl-3-pentanol<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/Images\/chemistry\/img\/OrganicChemistry\/OrganicContainingOxygen2.2,3-hexanediol.gif\" alt=\"2,3-hexanediol \" width=\"336\" height=\"175\" \/><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\">2,3-hexanediol<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>Ethers<\/h3>\n<p><abbr title=\"Organic substances containing an oxygen atom between two carbon atoms\">Ethers<\/abbr> contain an oxygen atom between two carbon atoms. There are two ways of naming ethers.<\/p>\n<p>In the first method (which follows the IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry), we start by separating the molecule through the oxygen atom. We list the shorter half of the molecule then insert \u201c-oxy\u201d and then list the longer half ending in \u201c-ane\u201d if all carbons are saturated (meaning they have the maximum amount of hydrogens possible). In this lesson we will only deal with saturated carbons.<\/p>\n<p>In the second method (resulting in the molecule&#8217;s common name), we again divide the molecule through the\u00a0oxygen. Then we list the two halves in alphabetical order, giving the root for the number of carbons in each\u00a0half and a \u201c-yl\u201d ending. Finally we add the word \u201cether.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"middle\" width=\"382\">CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>OCH<sub>3<\/sub><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\" width=\"202\">Methoxypropane or<br \/>\nmethyl propyl ether<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"middle\" width=\"382\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/Images\/chemistry\/img\/OrganicChemistry\/OrganicContainingOxygen3.Propoxybutane.gif\" alt=\"Propoxybutane or\" width=\"372\" height=\"54\" \/><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\" width=\"202\">Propoxybutane or<br \/>\nbutyl propyl ether<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"middle\" width=\"382\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/Images\/chemistry\/img\/OrganicChemistry\/OrganicContainingOxygen3.Ethoxypentane.gif\" alt=\"Ethoxypentane\" width=\"382\" height=\"54\" \/><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\" width=\"202\">Ethoxypentane or<br \/>\nethyl pentyl ether<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>Aldehydes<\/h3>\n<p><abbr title=\"Organic substances containing an oxygen atom between two carbon atoms\">Aldehydes<\/abbr> contain an oxygen atom doubly bonded to a carbon atom\u00a0and that same carbon atom needs to have a hydrogen atom attached to it. In practice, that means the double\u00a0bonded oxygen atom is on the end of the chain.<\/p>\n<p>To name an aldehyde, locate the longest chain containing the double bonded oxygen attached to it, remove the\u00a0final \u201ce\u201d and replace it with \u201c\u2013al.\u201d With the oxygen always on the end no location number is needed.<\/p>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"4\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/Images\/chemistry\/img\/OrganicChemistry\/OrganicContainingOxygen4.butanal.gif\" alt=\"Butanal\" width=\"252\" height=\"110\" \/><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\" width=\"117\">Butanal<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/Images\/chemistry\/img\/OrganicChemistry\/OrganicContainingOxygen4.Pentanal.gif\" alt=\"Pentanal\" width=\"284\" height=\"101\" \/><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\" width=\"117\">Pentanal<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/Images\/chemistry\/img\/OrganicChemistry\/OrganicContainingOxygen4.hexanal.gif\" width=\"284\" height=\"99\" \/><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\" width=\"117\">Hexanal<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>Ketones<\/h3>\n<p><abbr title=\"Their molecules contain an oxygen atom doubly bonded to a carbon and that same carbon needs to have carbon atoms attached to both sides of it. In practice, that means the double bonded oxygen atom is not on the end of the chain.\">Ketones <\/abbr>contain an oxygen atom doubly bonded to a carbon and that\u00a0same carbon needs to have carbon atoms attached to both sides of it. In practice, that means the double\u00a0bonded oxygen atom is not on the end of the chain.<\/p>\n<p>To name a ketone, locate the longest chain containing the double bonded oxygen attached to it, remove the\u00a0final \u201ce\u201d and replace it with \u201c-one.\u201d If the oxygen can be placed on a carbon atom in the chain where it\u00a0could have a different location number, then the location must be included. This will be the case when there\u00a0are five or more carbon atoms in the chain. Note that the shortest chained ketone contains three\u00a0carbons.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"middle\" width=\"269\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/Images\/chemistry\/img\/OrganicChemistry\/OrganicContainingOxygen5.butanone.gif\" alt=\"butanone\" width=\"220\" height=\"106\" \/><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\" width=\"155\">butanone<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"middle\" width=\"269\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/Images\/chemistry\/img\/OrganicChemistry\/OrganicContainingOxygen5.2-pentanone.gif\" alt=\"2-pentanone\" width=\"260\" height=\"93\" \/><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\" width=\"155\">2-pentanone<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"middle\" width=\"269\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/Images\/chemistry\/img\/OrganicChemistry\/OrganicContainingOxygen5.3-pentanone.gif\" alt=\"3-pentanone\" width=\"252\" height=\"90\" \/><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\" width=\"155\">3-pentanone<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"middle\" width=\"269\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/Images\/chemistry\/img\/OrganicChemistry\/OrganicContainingOxygen5.2-hexanone.gif\" alt=\"2-hexanone\" width=\"269\" height=\"102\" \/><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\" width=\"155\">2-hexanone<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>Carboxylic Acids<\/h3>\n<p><abbr title=\"Organic substances containing an oxygen atom between two carbon atoms\">Carboxylic Acids<\/abbr> contain an oxygen atom doubly bonded to a carbon\u00a0and that same carbon needs to have hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to it. In practice, that means the acid\u00a0functional group is on the end of the chain and therefore does not need a number.<\/p>\n<p>To name a carboxylic acid locate the longest chain that the functional group is attached to and replace the\u00a0final \u201ce\u201d with \u201c-oic\u201d and acid.<\/p>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"4\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"middle\" width=\"268\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/Images\/chemistry\/img\/OrganicChemistry\/OrganicContainingOxygen6.Methanoicacid.gif\" width=\"124\" height=\"90\" \/><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\" width=\"346\">Methanoic acid<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"middle\" width=\"268\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/Images\/chemistry\/img\/OrganicChemistry\/OrganicContainingOxygen6.Ethanoicacid.gif\" width=\"180\" height=\"107\" \/><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\" width=\"346\">Ethanoic acid<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/Images\/chemistry\/img\/OrganicChemistry\/OrganicContainingOxygen6.Pentanoicacid.gif\" alt=\"Pentanoic acid\" width=\"220\" height=\"104\" \/><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\">Propanoic acid<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/Images\/chemistry\/img\/OrganicChemistry\/OrganicContainingOxygen6.Butanoicacid.gif\" alt=\"Butanoic acid\" width=\"268\" height=\"103\" \/><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\">Butanoic acid<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<section class=\"question\">\n<h4>Question<\/h4>\n<p>What is name of the following molecule?<\/p>\n<p><center><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/Images\/chemistry\/img\/OrganicChemistry\/OrganicContainingOxygen9.question.gif\" width=\"203\" height=\"91\" \/><\/center><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Propanoic acid<\/li>\n<li>Butanoic acid<\/li>\n<li>Pentanoic acid<\/li>\n<li>propanalol<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a class=\"button button-primary q-answer\"> Reveal Answer <\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"q-reveal\">The correct answer is A. This is a carboxylic acid with three carbon in the chain. The \u201cpropan-\u201c is because of three carbons singly bonded together and the \u201c-oic\u201d acid to indicate it is an acid.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"question\">\n<h4>Question<\/h4>\n<p>What is name of the following molecule?<\/p>\n<p><center><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/Images\/chemistry\/img\/OrganicChemistry\/OrganicContainingOxygen9.question2.gif\" width=\"331\" height=\"100\" \/><\/center><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>2-heptanol<\/li>\n<li>2-heptanal<\/li>\n<li>2-heptanone<\/li>\n<li>6-heptanone<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a class=\"button button-primary q-answer\"> Reveal Answer <\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"q-reveal\">The correct answer is C. This is a ketone containing seven singly bonded carbon atoms therefore the \u201cheptan-\u201d and\u00a0the \u201c-one\u201d to indicate it is a ketone. The \u201c2-\u201c shows that the double bonded oxygen is attached to the second carbon\u00a0over. The 2 is used since it is smaller than 6 which would be the number if the chain were numbered in the other\u00a0direction.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"question\">\n<h4>Question<\/h4>\n<p>What is name of the following molecule?<\/p>\n<p><center><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/Images\/chemistry\/img\/OrganicChemistry\/OrganicContainingOxygen9.question3.gif\" width=\"235\" height=\"74\" \/><\/center><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>methoxyethane<\/li>\n<li>ethoxymethane<\/li>\n<li>Ethyl methyl ether<\/li>\n<li>A and C<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a class=\"button button-primary q-answer\"> Reveal Answer <\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"q-reveal\">The correct answer is D. This is an ether. When naming an ether, we divide the chain through the oxygen, list the\u00a0short half of the chain, the \u201c-oxy-\u201c (for the oxygen), then the longer half of the chain. Or we list the two halves\u00a0in alphabetical order, with a \u201c-yl\u201d ending and add that it is an ether.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<h3>Esters<\/h3>\n<p><abbr title=\"Molecules contain an oxygen atom doubly bonded to a carbon, and that same carbon needs to have a singly bonded oxygen attached to it. That singly bonded oxygen needs to have a carbon attached to the other side. In other words, the H of the \u2013OH group in a carboxylic acid functional group has been replaced by one (or more) carbon atoms.\">Esters <\/abbr>\u00a0contain an oxygen atom doubly bonded to a carbon, and that same carbon needs to have a singly bonded oxygen attached to it. Finally, that singly bonded oxygen needs to have a carbon attached to its other side. In other words, the H of the \u2013OH group in a carboxylic acid functional group has been replaced by one (or more) carbon atoms.<\/p>\n<p>To name an ester, first name the carbon chain connected to the single bonded oxygen that does\u00a0<strong>not<\/strong>\u00a0contain the double bonded oxygen and change the ending from \u2013ane to \u2013yl. Next, use the root that describes the number of carbons in the chain attached to the double bonded oxygen adding the ending \u2013anoate.<\/p>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"4\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"middle\" width=\"307\">\n<p align=\"center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/d3c8vuno0dl3b4.cloudfront.net\/abcte_courses\/chemistry\/course\/Images\/OrganicContainingOxygen6.Butylmethanoate.gif\" alt=\"Butyl methanoate\" width=\"301\" height=\"106\" \/><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\" width=\"307\">Butyl methanoate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"middle\" width=\"307\">\n<p align=\"center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/d3c8vuno0dl3b4.cloudfront.net\/abcte_courses\/chemistry\/course\/Images\/OrganicContainingOxygen6.Methylbutanoate.gif\" alt=\"Methyl butanoate\" width=\"333\" height=\"101\" \/><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\" width=\"307\">Methyl butanoate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"middle\" width=\"307\">\n<p align=\"center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/d3c8vuno0dl3b4.cloudfront.net\/abcte_courses\/chemistry\/course\/Images\/OrganicContainingOxygen6.Ethylpropanoate.gif\" alt=\"Ethyl propanoate\" width=\"325\" height=\"103\" \/><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\" width=\"307\">Ethyl propanoate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"middle\" width=\"307\">\n<p align=\"center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/d3c8vuno0dl3b4.cloudfront.net\/abcte_courses\/chemistry\/course\/Images\/OrganicContainingOxygen6.Propylethanoate.gif\" alt=\"Propyl ethanoate\" width=\"325\" height=\"112\" \/><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\" width=\"307\">Propyl ethanoate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- CONTENT ENDS HERE --><\/p>\n<p><!-- UPDATE NEXT\/PREVIOUS BELOW --><\/p>\n<div class=\"advance\">\n<p><a class=\"button button-primary\" href=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/chemistry\/naming-organic-molecules\">\u2b05 Previous Lesson<\/a>\u00a0<a class=\"button\" href=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/chemistry\/organic-chemistry\">Workshop Index<\/a>\u00a0<a class=\"button button-primary\" href=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/chemistry\/halogenated-hydrocarbons-and-hydrocarbon-reactions\">Next Lesson \u27a1<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><a class=\"backtotop\" href=\"#title\">Back to Top<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u2b05 Previous Lesson\u00a0Workshop Index\u00a0Next Lesson \u27a1 Naming Organic Molecules Containing Oxygen Lesson Objective In this lesson, we will study how to name the six groups of oxygen-containing organic molecules. Previously we covered&#8230; Naming alkenes Naming alkynes Naming cycloalkanes Naming cycloalkenes Naming Organic Molecules Containing Oxygen We will review six groups of organic molecules that contain [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-561","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/chemistry\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/561","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/chemistry\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/chemistry\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/chemistry\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/chemistry\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=561"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/chemistry\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/561\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":580,"href":"https:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/chemistry\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/561\/revisions\/580"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/chemistry\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=561"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}