{"id":100,"date":"2017-09-04T06:24:47","date_gmt":"2017-09-04T06:24:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/english\/?page_id=100"},"modified":"2017-09-21T14:45:06","modified_gmt":"2017-09-21T14:45:06","slug":"punctuation","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/english\/punctuation\/","title":{"rendered":"Punctuation"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"twelve columns\" style=\"margin-top: 10%;\">\n<div class=\"advance\"><a class=\"button button-primary\" href=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/english\/prepositions\">\u2b05 Previous Lesson<\/a>\u00a0<a class=\"button\" href=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/english\/standard-english-language-conventions\">Workshop Index<\/a>\u00a0<a class=\"button button-primary\" href=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/english\/capitalization\">Next Lesson \u27a1<\/a><\/div>\n<p><!-- CONTENT BEGINS HERE --><\/p>\n<h1 id=\"title\">Punctuation<\/h1>\n<h4>Objective<\/h4>\n<p>In this lesson, we will examine punctuation, including punctuation with quotation marks. We\u2019ll also review how to identify incorrect punctuation in examples and practice questions in this lesson.<\/p>\n<h4>Previously Covered:<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>In the previous lesson, we discussed English grammar and parts of speech.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Punctuation marks tell us when to close a sentence (end punctuation), pause (commas), or use emphasis (dashes). In addition to these punctuation marks, we\u2019ll also review colons, semicolons, hyphens, parentheses, brackets, apostrophes, and quotation marks.<\/p>\n<h4>End Punctuation<\/h4>\n<p>We\u2019ll just dive into the review about end punctuation. It\u2019s short and sweet.<\/p>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"10\" align=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\">\n<div class=\"white_lesson_header\" align=\"center\">\n<h4>End Punctuation<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"150\">\n<p class=\"lesson_subhead\"><strong> Use . . .<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"234\">\n<p class=\"lesson_subhead\"><strong> at the end of . . .<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"216\">\n<p class=\"lesson_subhead\"><strong>Example:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"150\"><strong> Periods <\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"234\">all sentences except<\/p>\n<p>exclamations and questions<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"216\">Periods are the most<\/p>\n<p>common end-punctuation<\/p>\n<p>mark<strong>.<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"150\"><strong> Exclamation Points <\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"234\">sentences that express strong<\/p>\n<p>feeling or emphatic commands<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"216\">On your marks. Get set.<\/p>\n<p>Go<strong>!<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"150\"><strong> Question Marks <\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"234\">direct questions<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"216\">What\u2019s for dinner?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Avoid using multiple end-punctuation marks.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Instead of: Did you really go to the South Pacific<strong>??? <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Use: Did you really go to the South Pacific<strong>?<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h4>Commas<\/h4>\n<p>Unlike the predictable end-punctuation marks, commas pop up everywhere in sentences. Commas help readers know when to pause and help clarify the meaning of a sentence. Without them, unfortunate sentences like this one occur:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong> While we cooked Uncle Albert prepared a chocolate torte.<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Use a comma after a long introductory phrase, including a subordinate clause functioning as an adverb.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong> Instead of going to Dallas this year,<\/strong> we went to Albuquerque.<\/p>\n<p><strong> Because Cindi loved to study,<\/strong> she spent hours and hours in the library.<\/p>\n<p><strong> Ready to run, <\/strong> Daniel laced up his tennis shoes.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>If meaning is not compromised, a comma is not needed after shorter introductory phrases. If meaning could be misconstrued, keep the comma.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong> Next week<\/strong> Marcus will begin the great American novel.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Use a comma before a closing subordinate clause that follows the main clause.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>We climbed the summit at dawn<strong>, proving it could be done in a single day<\/strong>.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Use a comma before a <abbr title=\"Coordinating conjunction \u2013 Words like but and and, which join two independent clauses \"><strong>coordinating conjunction<\/strong><\/abbr> between independent clauses. This comma is not necessary if the two clauses are short and the meaning remains clear.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Use a comma: Passion flowers can bloom at any time during the growing season<strong>, but<\/strong> they predictably fill the hot months of July and August with color.<\/p>\n<p>No comma needed: I recognized him <strong>and<\/strong> he walked away.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>A comma is not needed between parts of a compound predicate, even when coordinating conjunctions are used.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Ryan went to the store <strong>and<\/strong> came back quickly.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Use a comma between short independent clauses.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>We came, we ate, we saw.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Use a comma between items in a series.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Never underestimate the power of <strong>a light, a rope, and a bundle of sticks<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><strong> Chicken and dumplings, mashed potatoes and gravy, and pork and beans<\/strong> were the standards of my grandmother\u2019s kitchen.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Use commas to set apart direct addresses.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Thank you<strong>, Albert,<\/strong> for the tomatoes from your garden.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Use a comma to set apart mild interjections and the words yes and no.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong> Well,<\/strong> who knew it would explode?<\/p>\n<p><strong> No,<\/strong> do not cross the street.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Use a comma after introductory<abbr title=\" Conjunctive adverb \u2013 Words such as rather, which can introduce a sentence or idea \"><strong> conjunctive adverbs.<\/strong><\/abbr><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>No one understands why Atlantis has never been found. <strong>Rather,<\/strong> it remains a mystery.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Use a comma to set apart the year in full dates. Notice that commas are not needed if the date is given in day\/month\/year format or if only the month and year are provided.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Jesse was born on May 20<strong>, 1981,<\/strong> the day before the family moved to Oregon.<\/p>\n<p>After renovations were complete, Town Hall reopened on <strong>21 March 1991<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Esther and George set off for California in <strong>January 1900<\/strong>.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Use a comma to separate parts of a full address or a place name. Note that commas are not used before zip codes.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>I still remember the address I memorized in kindergarten; it was<strong> 701 Glenway Drive, Houston, Texas 77070<\/strong>.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Use a comma to set apart a title following a name.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Thanks go to <strong>Michelle Mayberry, D.D.S.,<\/strong> for sponsoring our 10K run.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>(Please note, though, that while this is true for the above examples, commas are no longer required after Jr., Sr., and the like.)<\/p>\n<p>Use a comma after greetings and closures in formal letters.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong> Dear Mr. Richardson,<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong> Sincerely, <\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<section class=\"question\">\n<h4>Question<\/h4>\n<p>Choose the sentence with the comma error.<\/p>\n<ol type=\"A\">\n<li>He wanted the store, and the theatre.<\/li>\n<li>Yes, please pass the peas.<\/li>\n<li>On January 1, 1901, they moved to Maine.<\/li>\n<li>Tomorrow we begin the real work.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a class=\"button button-primary q-answer\"> Reveal Answer <\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"q-reveal\" style=\"display: none;\">Choice A contains the error. A comma is improperly used to separate components of the compound predicate (the store and the theatre). In choice B, a comma is correctly placed after yes. In choice C, commas appropriately set apart the year of a date in month\/day\/year format. In choice D, no comma is needed after tomorrow because it is a short introductory phrase.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<h4>Colons and Semicolons<\/h4>\n<p>Unlike the comma, some find it more difficult to \u201chear\u201d when it\u2019s appropriate to use a colon or semicolon.<\/p>\n<p>Use a colon to bring attention to a list. Notice that a colon must follow a complete independent clause.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Remember to get everything on the grocery list: bananas, fizzy soda, eggs, and horseradish.<\/p>\n<p>Most microprocessor factories have basic raw materials such as these: silicon, copper, and the technology to work with the tiniest circuits.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Use a colon between two independent clauses if the second sentence illustrates or summarizes the first. Note that a lowercase or uppercase word can follow a colon between two independent clauses.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Life is a candle: it can be extinguished without warning.<\/p>\n<p>Many residents agree with this idea: All participants should contribute equally.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Do not use colons immediately after a dependent clause ending with a linking verb.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Instead of: My favorite colors are: indigo, navy, and midnight blue.<\/p>\n<p>Use : My favorite colors are deep and dark: indigo, navy, and midnight blue.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Like colons, semicolons can be used to separate two independent clauses that are closely related. Notice that a coordinating conjunction could be substituted for the semicolon or colon.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Everyone thinks he wants what he deserves before he gets it; few people agree upon delivery.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>In addition to separating independent clauses, semicolons can also separate other items from each other, such as phrases and list items.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Learning to change a tire requires learning about <strong>collecting the proper tools; jacking up the tire; removing the lug nuts and tire; replacing the new tire and lug nuts; and jacking down the car.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>We confirmed the arrival of the bands <strong><em>Rock and Roll Kings<\/em>; <em>the Chili Cheese Dogs<\/em>; and <em>My Older Sister.<\/em><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Finally, remember to avoid using semicolons before lists or quotations.<\/p>\n<section class=\"question\">\n<h4>Question<\/h4>\n<p>Identify the sentence with the colon error.<\/p>\n<ol type=\"A\">\n<li>Many people remember distinct smells from childhood: crayons, freshly-mowed grass, baking cookies, the air before it rains.<\/li>\n<li>To the townspeople he was: the butcher, the fishmonger, and the vegetable market.<\/li>\n<li>Jump in with both feet: it never hurt me to do that.<\/li>\n<li>Review the following before proceeding: practice, practice, practice.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a class=\"button button-primary q-answer\"> Reveal Answer <\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"q-reveal\" style=\"display: none;\">Choice B contains an error. A colon should not be used after a linking verb or following an incomplete sentence. Choice A correctly contains an independent clause before the colon and a related list after the colon. Choice C contains two related independent clauses correctly separated by a colon. Choice D contains another complete independent clause before the colon and a list after the colon.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<h4>Dashes<\/h4>\n<p>Like colons and semicolons, <abbr title=\" Dash \u2013Separates parts of a sentence. Made up of two hyphens \"><strong>dashes<\/strong><\/abbr> separate parts of a sentence. Important note: on the keyboard, a dash is made with two<abbr title=\" Hyphen \u2013Seperates compound words \"><strong> hyphens<\/strong><\/abbr> side-by-side, like this: &#8212; . Many word processing programs will convert those to an em-dash. There should be no spaces before or after the dash.<\/p>\n<p>Use dashes to set apart emphatic parenthetical information. Notice that dashes can be used to set apart appositives that contain commas.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Everything we were trying to achieve<strong>\u2014whether you called it saving the rain forest or saving the planet\u2014<\/strong>depended on this one decision.<\/p>\n<p>Since the beginning of this project<strong>\u2014a project that required more time, money, and experience than any other project attempted by this company\u2014<\/strong>we\u2019ve communicated clearly with each other.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Use dashes to add emphasis and to show interruptions.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong> Greg missed Carol\u2019s smile\u2014not to mention the $40,000 she owed him.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Mandy said, \u201cThe test results came back<strong>\u2014are you listening to this? \u2014<\/strong>and we\u2019re all clear!\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>As a final note, avoid overusing dashes.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Don\u2019t use: But<strong>\u2014<\/strong>why can\u2019t we<strong>\u2014<\/strong>we deserve it<strong>\u2014<\/strong>and we want to go to the movies!<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h4>Parentheses and Brackets<\/h4>\n<p>Like dashes, parentheses and brackets should not be overused. Parentheses and brackets set apart comments and detailed information from the rest of a sentence.<\/p>\n<p>Use parentheses to separate side comments and detailed information. Notice that parenthetical remarks are punctuated as if they were part of the words they modify.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>During Stella\u2019s life <strong>(1888\u20131954)<\/strong>, she helped repair over two hundred barns.<\/p>\n<p>Please call me <strong>(555-1234)<\/strong> if you have any questions.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Use parentheses to set apart labels in a list.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Jack surmised that he had several options: <strong>(1)<\/strong> wait for Jill to come down the hill; <strong>(2)<\/strong> begin searching for her right away; or <strong>(3)<\/strong> eat his lunch and then make a decision.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Brackets are used in only a few specific cases.<\/p>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"10\" align=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"white_lesson_header\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">\n<div align=\"center\">\n<h4>Brackets<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"247\">\n<p class=\"lesson_subhead\"><strong>brackets to . . . <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"288\">\n<p class=\"lesson_subhead\"><strong>Examples:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"247\">insert necessary information into direct quotations.<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"288\">\u201c[George Elliot] was indeed a woman.\u201d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"247\">annotate accidental or purposeful errors in quoted materials.<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"288\">The sign read: \u201cNo Childrens [sic] Allowed.\u201d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>Apostrophes<\/h4>\n<p>Apostrophes are used with possessive nouns and contractions.<\/p>\n<p>Use an apostrophe to make most nouns possessive.<\/p>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"10\" align=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"white_lesson_header\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\">\n<div align=\"center\">\n<h4>Possessive Nouns<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"288\">\n<p class=\"lesson_subhead\"><strong>To make these words possessive: <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"115\">\n<p class=\"lesson_subhead\"><strong> do this:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"216\">\n<p class=\"lesson_subhead\"><strong> Example:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"288\">Singular nouns that don\u2019t end in \u2013<em>s<\/em><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"115\">add <em>\u2013&#8217;s <\/em><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"216\">We went to <strong>Rachel&#8217;s<\/strong> house immediately.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"288\">Singular nouns that end in \u2013<em>s<\/em><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"115\">add either <em>\u2013&#8217;s <\/em>or just <em>\u2013&#8217; <\/em><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"216\"><strong> Dubois&#8217;<\/strong> theory started the conversation.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"288\">Plural nouns that end in \u2013<em>s<\/em><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"115\">add <em>\u2013&#8217; <\/em><\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" width=\"216\"><strong> Both girls&#8217;<\/strong> clarinets needed repair.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"288\"><abbr title=\"Compound noun \u2013 Uses more than one word to name a person, place, thing, or abstraction \"><strong> Compound nouns<\/strong><\/abbr><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"115\">make the last word possessive<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"216\">Everyone recognized <strong>Millie <\/strong><strong>and Kris&#8217;s<\/strong> grace.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"288\"><abbr title=\"Indefinite pronoun \u2013 Words such as everyone, anyone, no one, someone \"><strong> Indefinite pronouns<\/strong><\/abbr><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"115\">add <em>\u2013&#8217;s <\/em><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"216\">\n<p align=\"left\">This is <strong>everyone&#8217;s<\/strong> mess to untangle.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Use apostrophes to highlight <abbr title=\"Contraction \u2013 Shortened form of two words, such as don\u2019t or we\u2019ll \"><strong>contractions<\/strong><\/abbr> and omissions in numbers.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>We <strong>can\u2019t<\/strong> say no again.<\/p>\n<p>Remember the class of <strong>\u201999<\/strong>?<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Do not use an apostrophe to pluralize a noun or with<abbr title=\" Possessive pronouns\u2013 my, mine, our, ours, your, yours, his, hers, its, their, theirs, and whose \"><strong> possessive pronouns.<\/strong><\/abbr><\/p>\n<table border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"10\" align=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"295\">\n<p class=\"lesson_subhead\"><strong>Instead of . . .<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"295\">\n<p class=\"lesson_subhead\"><strong>Use . . .<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"295\">Many <strong>client&#8217;s<\/strong> leave satisfied.<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"295\">Many <strong>clients<\/strong> leave satisfied.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"295\">Give the customer the last two <strong>lamp&#8217;s<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"295\">Give the customer the last two <strong>lamps<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"295\">Time has <strong>it&#8217;s<\/strong> way of healing.<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"295\">Time has <strong>its<\/strong> way of healing.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"295\">That land has always been <strong>our&#8217;s<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"295\">That land has always been <strong>ours<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>Quotation Marks<\/h4>\n<p>Use <abbr title=\"Quotation mark \u2013 Placed around direct quotations to set them apart from the rest of the sentence \"><strong>quotation marks<\/strong><\/abbr> around direct quotations. Notice that direct quotations can be introduced with a colon or a comma.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>My grandmother said, \u201cYou can do anything, not everything.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Use these words to tell me how you feel: \u201cI love you.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Use quotation marks to set apart the titles of short works, such as songs, essays, book chapters, and short poems.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Emily Dickinson\u2019s poem \u201cThere\u2019s a Certain Slant of Light\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Langston Hughes\u2019s poem \u201cA Dream Deferred\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"10\" align=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">\n<div class=\"white_lesson_header\" align=\"center\">\n<h4>When <em>Not<\/em> to use Quotation Marks<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"278\">\n<p class=\"lesson_subhead\"><strong>Do <em>not<\/em> use quotation marks . . .<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"402\">\n<p class=\"lesson_subhead\"><strong>Example:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"278\">around indirect quotations.<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"402\">Jonathon insists that he always looks for the best in people<strong>.<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"278\">around quotations longer than four lines. Instead, indent the selection.<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"402\">Gwendolyn Brooks used poetic line breaks to capture the rhythm of an American English dialect and to emphasize the peril that its speakers faced. Her poem \u201cWe Real Cool\u201d reads:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>We real cool. We<\/p>\n<p>Left school. We<\/p>\n<p>Lurk late. We<\/p>\n<p>Strike straight. We<\/p>\n<p>Sing sin. We<\/p>\n<p>Thin gin. We<\/p>\n<p>Jazz June. We<\/p>\n<p>Die soon.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"278\">around the title of long works such as books, albums, and long poems. Use italics for these titles.<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"402\">Shakespeare\u2019s play <i>Hamlet<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Homer\u2019s epic poem <i>The Iliad<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>Using Other Punctuation Marks with Quotation Marks<\/h4>\n<p>Punctuation marks follow certain rules when they\u2019re used with quotation marks.<\/p>\n<p>If the quotation ends a sentence, put the period inside the final quotation mark. Note that if a page number or other reference is needed after the end of the quotation, the end punctuation is placed after the closing quotation mark and the parenthetical reference.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>I could only quietly whisper, <strong>&#8220;Goodbye.&#8221; <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Wilfred Owen opens his poem \u201cDulce Et Decorum Est\u201d with \u201cBent double, like old beggars under sacks,\/Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through <strong>sludge\u201d (72). <\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Place exclamation points and question marks inside quotation marks when they apply to the quotation; place them outside the quotation marks if they apply to the entire sentence.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Julie forced herself out of the plane with a loud command to herself, <strong>&#8220;Jump!&#8221;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Did Shakespeare really write that <strong>&#8220;the woods are lovely, dark, and deep&#8221;?<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Place colons and semicolons outside quotation marks.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>She penned a note to her sister that read<strong> &#8220;Remember to feed the cat&#8221;;<\/strong> however, the cat had been gone for over twenty years.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Use ellipses to indicate omitted material from direction quotations. The MLA standard, commonly used in high school and college English\u00a0and liberal arts classes, has very specific requirements for<abbr title=\"Some grammar standards, such as the MLA standard&lt;br \/&gt; , require bracketed ellipses to indicate where ellipses have been added to the original work.&lt;\/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The Daily reporter wrote: \u201cNo one &lt;br \/&gt;really knew him [ . . . ] and no one &lt;br \/&gt;really wanted to know him.\u201d&lt;\/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Ellipses, in MLA style or not, are three periods separated by spaces. \"><strong> ellipses and brackets.<\/strong><\/abbr><\/p>\n<section class=\"question\">\n<h4>Question<\/h4>\n<p>Choose the answer that contains a quotation mark error.<\/p>\n<ol type=\"A\">\n<li>Damon knew that he would \u201cnever make it to the top.\u201d<\/li>\n<li>He knew the safety slogan \u201cStop, drop, and roll\u201d; luckily, he remembered it at the right time.<\/li>\n<li>William Carlos Williams\u2019s poem \u201cRed Wheelbarrow\u201d may be the only poem in the English language that ends with the words white chickens (7).<\/li>\n<li>Rita looked him in the eye and could only say, \u201cThank you.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a class=\"button button-primary q-answer\"> Reveal Answer <\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"q-reveal\" style=\"display: none;\">Answer A contains the error. Indirect quotations do not require quotation marks. Choice B correctly places the semicolon outside of the quotation marks. Choice C appropriately has punctuation marks around the title of a poem. Choice D correctly encloses the end punctuation in the quotation marks because the quotation falls at the end of a sentence without a closing reference.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<h4>A Note about Italics and Foreign Phrases<\/h4>\n<p>Although not exactly punctuation marks, italics help readers distinguish related words and phrases from the rest of the sentence.<\/p>\n<p>Italics set apart foreign terms that aren\u2019t considered part of standard English.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Dia de los Muertos is my favorite day of the year.<\/p>\n<p>We could use a little more gemutlichkeit in the world.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Do not use italics for foreign phrases that are considered standard English, such as &#8220;faux pas,&#8221; &#8220;blitzkrieg,&#8221; and &#8220;sushi.&#8221;<\/p>\n<h4>Review of Punctuation<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Use end punctuation to end a sentence. All other punctuation marks show readers how to understand or express phrases within the sentence.<\/li>\n<li>Commas help readers know when to pause in a sentence, such as after long introductory phrases, between items in a series, and after certain dates and addresses.<\/li>\n<li>Colons and semicolons help connect different types of clauses. Semicolons can also be used with lists and appositives when a comma might be confusing.<\/li>\n<li>Dashes , parentheses, and brackets emphasize asides and additional information for readers. Dashes often do so with more excitement than parentheses and brackets.<\/li>\n<li>Apostrophes alert readers to contractions, possessive nouns, and indefinite pronouns.<\/li>\n<li>Finally, quotation marks help readers to know when someone is speaking or when material is being directly quoted.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- CONTENT ENDS HERE --><\/p>\n<div class=\"advance\"><a class=\"button button-primary\" href=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/english\/prepositions\">\u2b05 Previous Lesson<\/a>\u00a0<a class=\"button\" href=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/english\/standard-english-language-conventions\">Workshop Index<\/a>\u00a0<a class=\"button button-primary\" href=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/english\/capitalization\">Next Lesson \u27a1<\/a><\/div>\n<p><a class=\"backtotop\" href=\"#title\">Back to Top<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u2b05 Previous Lesson\u00a0Workshop Index\u00a0Next Lesson \u27a1 Punctuation Objective In this lesson, we will examine punctuation, including punctuation with quotation marks. We\u2019ll also review how to identify incorrect punctuation in examples and practice questions in this lesson. Previously Covered: In the previous lesson, we discussed English grammar and parts of speech. Punctuation marks tell us when [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-100","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/100","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=100"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/100\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":471,"href":"https:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/100\/revisions\/471"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=100"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}