{"id":25,"date":"2017-09-04T05:57:47","date_gmt":"2017-09-04T05:57:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/english\/?page_id=25"},"modified":"2017-09-18T14:23:27","modified_gmt":"2017-09-18T14:23:27","slug":"parallel-structures-analogies","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/english\/parallel-structures-analogies\/","title":{"rendered":"Parallel Structures: Analogies"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"twelve columns\" style=\"margin-top: 10%;\">\n<div class=\"advance\"><a class=\"button button-primary\" href=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/english\/word-sleuthing-with-parts-of-speech\">\u2b05 Previous Lesson<\/a>\u00a0<a class=\"button\" href=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/english\/vocabulary\">Workshop Index<\/a>\u00a0<a class=\"button button-primary\" href=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/english\/further-reading-for-vocabulary\">Next Lesson \u27a1<\/a><\/div>\n<p><!-- CONTENT BEGINS HERE --><\/p>\n<h1 id=\"title\">Parallel Structures: Analogies<\/h1>\n<h3>Objective<\/h3>\n<p>The greater your vocabulary, the easier you&#8217;ll be able to discern analogies. These vocabulary lessons have explored many ways to understand words and thus improve your vocabulary. An overview of analogies makes a fine culmination of this process.<\/p>\n<p class=\"lesson_subhead\">Minding the Gap: Solving Analogies<\/p>\n<p>Analogies require a fine understanding of not only the many layers of a single word\u2019s meaning (its history, denotations and connotations), but also its relationship to other words (its antonyms, synonyms, and even category of meaning).<\/p>\n<p>Let\u2019s start with a review of the language of analogies. They tend to be written as equations:<\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><strong> HOMOPHONE: SYNONYM :: SOUND : MEANING<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The above is read as \u201cHomophone is to synonym what sound is to meaning.\u201d As previously discussed, homophones are words that have the same sound, and synonyms are words that have the same meaning, so this analogy accurately establishes the relationship between the four words.<\/p>\n<p>Of course, the example above has the answer provided. If you had only been given the first half of the equation, you would have looked for an answer that established a similar relationship. Here is a list of some of the relationships that analogies can have.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Synonyms: begin: inaugurate<\/li>\n<li>Antonyms: split: bind<\/li>\n<li>Profession and tool: carpenter: saw<\/li>\n<li>Cause and effect: learning: knowledge<\/li>\n<li>Tool and its function: oven: baking<\/li>\n<li>Gender: earl: lady<\/li>\n<li>Age: child: adult<\/li>\n<li>Noun and adjective: hero: brave<\/li>\n<li>Symbols: dove: peace<\/li>\n<li>General and Specific: philosophy: existentialism<\/li>\n<li>Degrees of Intensity: tepid: boiling<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<section>The most important concept to remember is the relationship the analogy establishes. That will help you find the correct answer. Here are some other ideas to keep in mind:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Put the first two words into a sentence that reveals their relationship <em>before<\/em> you go through the answers. This will help you eliminate choices.<\/li>\n<li>Be sure the answer you choose has the same order as the first two words. For example, if the question is general: specific, don\u2019t choose an answer that is specific: general.<\/li>\n<li>Deduce whether the word pair is concrete, abstract, or a mixture, because the answer will have the same relationship. You can eliminate possible answers by figuring this out.<\/li>\n<li>One way to deal with words you don\u2019t know is to first figure out their parts of speech. If the first two words are a noun and a verb, then the answer will also be a noun and a verb.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Another useful rule of thumb for determining the meaning of words you\u2019re not sure about is to use affixes and roots to help you discern the meaning of word parts along with parts of speech. For example, the prefix of <em>antithetical<\/em> means \u201cagainst,\u201d and the ending reveals that it is an adjective. Also, &#8211;<em>thetical <\/em>looks like <em>thesis<\/em>, which means \u201cmain idea.\u201d Therefore, you can deduce that antithetical means \u201copposite.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<section class=\"question\">\n<h4>Question<\/h4>\n<div>\n<p>Complete the analogy using the above hints and tips.<\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><strong> THRIFTY : MISERLY :: <\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Forthright : aggressive<\/li>\n<li>Penny-pinching : saving<\/li>\n<li>Arrogant : brash<\/li>\n<li>Spendthrift : prodigal<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p><a class=\"button button-primary q-answer\"> Reveal Answer <\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"q-reveal\" style=\"display: none;\">The answer is A. This question is deceptive because the two words are actually two sides of the same coin, if you\u2019ll pardon the pun. <em>Thrifty<\/em> people are wise about saving money, whereas <em>miserly <\/em>people save their money through stinginess. The other answers are purely synonyms with no antithetical relationships.<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Practice makes perfect! Here\u2019s another question.<\/p>\n<section class=\"question\">\n<h4>Question<\/h4>\n<div>\n<p align=\"center\"><strong> SPECTRUM : COLOR :: <\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Scale : tone<\/li>\n<li>Poem : verse<\/li>\n<li>Waves : sound<\/li>\n<li>Organism : cell<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p><a class=\"button button-primary q-answer\"> Reveal Answer <\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"q-reveal\" style=\"display: none;\">\n<p align=\"left\">The answer is A. This question is a good example of the advantage of establishing the relationship of the first pair to avoid being confused by the possible answers. If you establish that \u201ca spectrum contains a continuum of colors,\u201d then you cannot be trapped into choosing one of the decoy answers. Whereas all the answers deal with parts and wholes, only a scale contains a continuum of tones.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr \/>\n<p class=\"lesson_subhead\">A Final Word about Words: Reference Books<\/p>\n<p>All the words in this lesson can be found in both online and print dictionaries, thesauruses, and glossaries. <strong> Dictionaries<\/strong> describe rather than prescribe how we use language, and they offer pronunciations, derivations, contextual examples, spellings, and etymologies. <strong> Thesauruses<\/strong> offer synonyms, antonyms, and related words, though the caveat is that synonyms are very rarely the exact same in meaning and usage. Many books such as textbooks offer <strong> glossaries<\/strong>, which give specialized definitions for the words used in that book. While glossaries are the shortest of the typical vocabulary references, they can be the most useful.<\/p>\n<p>The single most useful dictionary is the <em>Oxford English Dictionary<\/em>, which is available in both print and online editions. This enormous work is of particular value for its use of quotations that reveal where the definition comes from. These quotations, culled from literature and a wide range of international English sources, demonstrate the proper context for each definition and how a word&#8217;s usage has changed throughout its history. The <em>OED<\/em> also provides etymologies that show the language from which each word is derived. Perhaps the only drawback of the <em>OED<\/em>, other than its cost and weight, is its use of British pronunciations.<\/p>\n<p>Other useful general dictionaries include Merriam-Webster&#8217;s and American Heritage&#8217;s series of dictionaries. Both are oriented toward American English. They offer etymologies, derivations, synonyms, and even usage notes, though these features don\u2019t occur for every entry. One interesting quirk of these two series of dictionaries is that <em>Merriam-Webster <\/em>lists the earliest definition first, whereas <em>American Heritage<\/em> lists the most common definition first.<\/p>\n<p>Specialized dictionaries exist for Anglo-Saxon English and Middle English, as well as legal, computer, and medical terminology. <em>Brewer\u2019s Dictionary of Phrases and Fables<\/em> is an excellent resource for common idioms and adages. You can find specialized dictionaries for phrases, sign language, rhyming\u2014you name it!<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- CONTENT ENDS HERE --><\/p>\n<div class=\"advance\"><a class=\"button button-primary\" href=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/english\/word-sleuthing-with-parts-of-speech\">\u2b05 Previous Lesson<\/a>\u00a0<a class=\"button\" href=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/english\/vocabulary\">Workshop Index<\/a>\u00a0<a class=\"button button-primary\" href=\"http:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/english\/further-reading-for-vocabulary\">Next Lesson \u27a1<\/a><\/div>\n<p><a class=\"backtotop\" href=\"#title\">Back to Top<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u2b05 Previous Lesson\u00a0Workshop Index\u00a0Next Lesson \u27a1 Parallel Structures: Analogies Objective The greater your vocabulary, the easier you&#8217;ll be able to discern analogies. These vocabulary lessons have explored many ways to understand words and thus improve your vocabulary. An overview of analogies makes a fine culmination of this process. Minding the Gap: Solving Analogies Analogies require [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-25","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/25","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=25"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/25\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":232,"href":"https:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/25\/revisions\/232"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/americanboard.org\/Subjects\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=25"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}